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Religious tradition and theology

Mormonism is the religious tradition and theology of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity started by Joseph Smith in Western New York in the 1820s and 1830s. As a characterization, Mormonism has been applied to various aspects of the Latter Twenty-four hour period Saint motion, although there has been a recent push button from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-twenty-four hour period Saints to distance themselves from this label. A historian, Sydney E. Ahlstrom, wrote in 1982, "One cannot fifty-fifty be sure, whether [Mormonism] is a sect, a mystery cult, a new religion, a church building, a people, a nation, or an American subculture; indeed, at different times and places it is all of these".[1] [2] However, scholars and theologians within the Latter Day Saint movement, including Smith, have oft used "Mormonism" to draw the unique teachings and doctrines of the movement.[3]

A prominent feature of Mormon theology is the Book of Mormon, which describes itself every bit a relate of early indigenous peoples of the Americas and their dealings with God.[four] Mormon theology includes mainstream Christian beliefs with modifications stemming from revelations to Smith and other religious leaders. This includes the use of and belief in the Bible, and other religious texts including the Doctrine and Covenants and the Pearl of Great Price. Mormonism includes meaning doctrines of eternal marriage, eternal progression, baptism for the dead, polygamy or plural marriage, sexual purity, health (specified in the Word of Wisdom), fasting, and Sabbath observance.

The theology itself is not uniform; every bit early as 1831, and most significantly after Smith'southward death, diverse groups divide from the Church building of Christ that Smith established.[five] Other than differences in leadership, these groups most significantly differ in their stances on polygamy, which the Utah-based LDS Church building banned in 1890, and Trinitarianism, which the LDS Church does not affirm. The branch of theology which seeks to maintain the practice of polygamy is known as Mormon fundamentalism and includes several dissimilar churches.[six] Other groups affirm Trinitarianism, such every bit the Community of Christ (formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Twenty-four hour period Saints), and draw their doctrine as Trinitarian Christian restorationist.[7]

Cultural Mormonism is a term coined by cultural Mormons who place with the civilization, especially present in Utah and Idaho, but do not necessarily place with the theology.[8] [ix]

Historical overview [edit]

A stained glass window showing Joseph Smith'southward First Vision.

The doctrines of Mormonism began with the farmboy Joseph Smith in the 1820s in western New York during a period of religious excitement known as the Second Great Awakening.[x] After praying nigh which denomination he should join, Smith said he received a vision in the spring of 1820.[eleven] Called the "First Vision", Smith said that God the Father and his son Jesus Christ appeared to him and instructed him to join none of the existing churches because they were all wrong.[12] During the 1820s Smith chronicled several angelic visitations, and was somewhen told that God would use him to re-establish the true Christian church.[13]

Joseph Smith said the Book of Mormon was translated from writing on gilded plates in a reformed Egyptian linguistic communication, translated with the assistance of the Urim and Thummim and seer stones. He said an angel outset showed him the location of the plates in 1823, buried in a nearby loma. With the assistance of Martin Harris, an early follower, Smith began dictating the text of the Volume of Mormon on Apr 12, 1828. Although translation was interrupted past persecution, Smith's connected employment in order to support his family, and Harris's loss of 116 pages, the Book of Mormon manuscript was finished in June 1829.[xiv] Smith said the plates were returned to the angel afterward he finished the translation. During the fourth dimension Smith said he possessed the plates, fifteen people were allowed to witness their existence.

The Book of Mormon claims to exist a relate of early Israelites who left the Near East and traveled to the Americas. The book begins c. 600 BC with the divergence from Jerusalem of the family of the prophet Lehi at the urging of God, and their sailing c. 589 BC to the Americas. It records the people of the Americas as having had a belief in Christ hundreds of years before his nascency, their witnessing his personal visitation to them later on his resurrection, and eventually losing Christianity after generations of wars and betrayment. The Volume of Mormon and continuing revelations would be the means of establishing right doctrine for the restored church. Smith, Oliver Cowdery, and other early on followers began baptizing new converts in 1829 and formally organized in 1830 equally the Church of Christ.[xv] Smith was seen by his followers every bit a modern-mean solar day prophet.[16]

Historical accuracy and veracity of the Book of Mormon was, at the time of its publication and standing to the nowadays day, hotly contested. Along with disputes over the Book of Mormon, the early Church building of Christ faced persecution from residents of several towns where they tried to gather and "constitute God's kingdom on the globe".[iv] To avert confrontation in Palmyra, New York the members moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and hoped to establish a permanent New Jerusalem or City of Zion in Jackson County, Missouri.[17] Nonetheless, they were expelled from Jackson County in 1833 and fled to other parts of Missouri in 1838. Violence between the Missourians and church building members resulted in the governor of Missouri issuing an "extermination social club" confronting the Mormons, as they were called, which again forced the church to relocate.[18] The displaced church fled to Illinois, to a minor town called Commerce. Under Smith'due south direction, the church bought the town, renamed it Nauvoo, and lived with a degree of peace and prosperity for a few years.[19] However, tensions between Mormons and their neighbors again escalated and in 1844 Smith was killed by a mob, precipitating a succession crisis.[20]

The largest group of Mormons accepted Brigham Young every bit the new prophet and, under his direction, emigrated to what became the Utah Territory.[21] There, the church began the open practise of plural marriage, a grade of polygyny which Smith had instituted in Nauvoo. Plural marriage became the faith's about sensational characteristic during the 19th century, but vigorous opposition by the U.s. Congress threatened the church building'southward existence equally a legal institution. Farther, polygamy was also a major cause for the opposition to Mormonism in united states of america of Idaho and Arizona.[22] In the 1890 Manifesto, church building president Wilford Woodruff announced the official end of plural spousal relationship.[23]

Due to this formal abolition of plural marriage, several smaller groups broke with the LDS Church and formed denominations following what they chosen Mormon fundamentalism.[24] However, the LDS Church building has experienced the about growth out of any of the churches following Mormonism, with a current membership of over 16 meg.[25]

Theology [edit]

Nature of God [edit]

In orthodox Mormonism, the term God generally refers to the biblical God the Begetter, whom Latter 24-hour interval Saints refer to as Elohim,[26] [27] [28] and the term Godhead refers to a council of three singled-out divine persons consisting of God the Father, Jesus Christ (his firstborn Son, whom Latter Day Saints refer to equally Jehovah), and the Holy Ghost.[26] [28] Latter Day Saints believe that the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost are three singled-out beings, and that the Father and Jesus have perfected, glorified, concrete bodies, while the Holy Ghost is a spirit without a physical body.[26] [29] [xxx] Latter Day Saints too believe that there are other gods and goddesses outside the Godhead, such as a Heavenly Mother—who is the wife of God the Father—and that true-blue Latter-twenty-four hours Saints may attain godhood in the afterlife.[31] Joseph Smith taught that God was in one case a man on another planet before being exalted to Godhood.[32]

This conception differs from the traditional Christian Trinity in several ways, one of which is that Mormonism has not adopted or connected to agree the doctrine of the Nicene Creed, that the Male parent, Son, and Holy Ghost are of the same substance or being.[26] Too, Mormonism teaches that the intelligence dwelling in each human being is coeternal with God.[33] Mormons apply the term almighty to describe God, and regard him as the creator: they empathize him every bit being almighty and eternal but discipline to eternal natural law which governs intelligences, justice and the eternal nature of affair (ie God organized the world but did not create information technology from nothing).[34] The Mormon formulation of God likewise differs essentially from the Jewish tradition of ethical monotheism in which elohim (אֱלֹהִים) is a completely unlike formulation.

This description of God represents the Mormon orthodoxy, formalized in 1915 based on earlier teachings. Other currently existing and historical branches of Mormonism take adopted different views of god, such every bit the Adam–God doctrine and Trinitarianism.

Restoration [edit]

A depiction of Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery receiving priesthood dominance from John the Baptist

Mormonism describes itself every bit falling inside world Christianity, but as a distinct restored dispensation; it characterizes itself equally the only truthful form of the Christian organized religion since the time of a Keen Betrayment that began not long later the ascension of Jesus Christ.[35] According to Mormons this apostasy involved the corruption of the pure, original Christian doctrine with Greek and other philosophies,[36] and followers dividing into unlike ideological groups.[37] Additionally, Mormons claim the martyrdom of the Apostles led to the loss of Priesthood authority to administer the Church and its ordinances.[38] [39]

Mormons believe that God re-established the early Christian Church as institute in the New Testament through Joseph Smith.[twoscore] In detail, Mormons believe that angels such as Peter, James, John, and John the Baptist appeared to Joseph Smith and others and bestowed various Priesthood authorities on them.[41] Mormons thus believe that their Church is the "only truthful and living church" because divine authority was restored to it through Smith. In addition, Mormons believe that Smith and his legitimate successors are modernistic prophets who receive revelation from God to guide the church. They maintain that other religions accept a portion of the truth and are guided by the light of Christ.[42] [43]

Cosmology [edit]

Smith's cosmology is laid out more often than not in Smith's afterward revelations and sermons, but particularly the Book of Abraham, the Book of Moses, and the King Follett discourse.[44] Mormon cosmology presents a unique view of God and the universe, and places a high importance on man agency. In Mormonism, life on earth is just a short function of an eternal existence. Mormons believe that in the outset, all people existed as spirits or "intelligences," in the presence of God.[45] In this state, God proposed a plan of salvation whereby they could progress and "have a privilege to advance similar himself."[46] The spirits were free to accept or pass up this plan, and a "third" of them, led by Satan rejected it.[47] The remainder accepted the plan, coming to globe and receiving bodies with an understanding that they would feel sin and suffering.

In Mormonism, the cardinal part of God'due south plan is the amende of Jesus Christ.[48] Mormons believe that one purpose of earthly life is to acquire to choose good over evil. In this process, people inevitably brand mistakes, becoming unworthy to return to the presence of God. Mormons believe that Jesus paid for the sins of the world and that all people tin can be saved through his atonement.[49] Mormons take Christ's atonement through faith, repentance, formal covenants or ordinances such every bit baptism, and consistently trying to live a Christ-like life.

According to Mormon scripture, the Earth's cosmos was non ex nihilo, but organized from existing affair. The Earth is just ane of many inhabited worlds, and there are many governing heavenly bodies, including the planet or star Kolob, which is said to exist nearest the throne of God.

America [edit]

Mormons believe that the U.Due south. Constitution is the result of divine inspiration. Fundamentalists believe in the related White Horse Prophecy.

Mormon theology teaches that the United States is a unique identify and that Mormons are God's chosen people, selected for a singular destiny.[50] The Book of Mormon alludes to the Usa equally being the Biblical promised country, with the Constitution of the United States being divinely inspired, and argues that America is an exceptional nation.[50] [51] [52]

In Upstate New York in 1823, Joseph Smith claimed to have had a vision in which the Affections Moroni told him almost engraved gold plates buried in a nearby hill.[53] [54] According to Smith, he received subsequent education from Moroni and, 4 years later, excavated the plates and translated them from "reformed Egyptian" into English; the resultant Book of Mormon–so chosen afterwards an ancient American prophet who, according to Smith, had compiled the text recorded on the gilded plates–recounts the history of a tribe of Israelites, led by the prophet Lehi, who migrated from Jerusalem to the Americas in the 7th century BCE.[53] [54] In Mormonism, these Israelite tribes who migrated to the Americas centuries before the birth of Jesus Christ are considered to be among the ancestors of pre-Columbian Native Americans.[50] [53] [54]

Joseph Smith argued that the millennial New Jerusalem was to be congenital in America (10th Commodity of Faith).[51] In the Doctrine and Covenants, Smith records God as maxim "it is not correct that any man should be in bondage one to another. And for this purpose have I established the Constitution of this state, by the easily of wise men whom I raised up unto this very purpose, and redeemed the land by the shedding of blood" (D&C 101:79–lxxx). To Mormons, this places America as the originator of religious liberty and freedom, while noting a need to expand these American values worldwide.[55]

Although officially shunned by the LDS Church, fundamentalist Mormons believe in the White Horse Prophecy, which argues that Mormons volition be chosen upon to preserve the Constitution equally it hangs "by a thread".[56] [57]

Ordinances [edit]

In Mormonism, an ordinance is a religious ritual of special significance, frequently involving the germination of a covenant with God.[58] Ordinances are performed past the authorisation of the priesthood and in the proper name of Jesus Christ. The term has a meaning roughly similar to that of the term "sacrament" in other Christian denominations.

An eight-year-old girl existence baptized in Cerro Punta, Panama

Saving ordinances (or ordinances viewed as necessary for salvation) include: baptism by immersion after the age of accountability (ordinarily historic period 8); confirmation and reception of the gift of the Holy Ghost, performed by laying easily on the caput of a newly baptized member; ordination to the Aaronic and Melchizedek priesthoods for males; an endowment (including washing and anointing) received in temples; and marriage (or sealing) to a spouse.[59]

Mormons also perform other ordinances, which include the Lord'southward supper (usually called the sacrament), naming and approving children, giving priesthood blessings and patriarchal blessings, anointing and approving the ill, participating in prayer circles, and setting apart individuals who are chosen to church building positions.

In Mormonism, the saving ordinances are seen every bit necessary for conservancy, but they are not sufficient in and of themselves. For example, baptism is required for exaltation, but simply having been baptized does not guarantee whatsoever eternal reward. The baptized person is expected to exist obedient to God's commandments, to repent of any sinful conduct subsequent to baptism, and to receive the other saving ordinances.

Considering Mormons believe that everyone must receive certain ordinances to exist saved, Mormons perform ordinances on behalf of deceased persons.[60] These ordinances are performed vicariously or by "proxy" on behalf of the expressionless. In accordance with their belief in each individual's "free agency", living or dead, Mormons believe that the deceased may accept or reject the offered ordinance in the spirit world, just equally all spirits decided to take or reject God's programme originally. In addition, these "conditional" ordinances on behalf of the dead are performed only when a deceased person's genealogical information has been submitted to a temple and correctly processed there before the ordinance ritual is performed. Only ordinances for salvation are performed on behalf of deceased persons.

Scripture [edit]

The LDS Church building scriptural canon

Mormons believe in the Old and New Testaments, and the LDS Church uses the King James Bible as its official scriptural text of the Bible. While Mormons believe in the general accuracy of the modern solar day text of the Bible, they as well believe that information technology is incomplete and that errors accept been introduced.[61] [62] [63] In Mormon theology, many lost truths are restored in the Book of Mormon, which Mormons hold to exist divine scripture and equal in authority to the Bible.[64]

The Mormon scriptural canon also includes a drove of revelations and writings contained in the Doctrine and Covenants which contains doctrine and prophecy and the Pearl of Great Price which addresses briefly Genesis to Exodus. These books, every bit well as the Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible, take varying degrees of credence as divine scripture among different denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement.

Revelation [edit]

In Mormonism, continuous revelation is the principle that God or his divine agents still continue to communicate to mankind. This communication tin be manifest in many ways: influences of the Holy Ghost (the chief form in which this principle is manifest), visions, visitations of divine beings, and others. Joseph Smith used the case of the Lord's revelations to Moses in Deuteronomy to explain the importance of continuous revelation:

God said, "Thou shalt not impale"; at another time he said, "Yard shalt utterly destroy." This is the principle on which the government of heaven is conducted, past revelation adapted to the circumstances in which the children of the Kingdom are placed. Whatever God requires is right, no matter what it is, although we may non encounter the reason thereof till long subsequently the events transpire.[65]

Mormons believe that Smith and subsequent church leaders could speak scripture "when moved upon past the Holy Ghost."[66] In addition, many Mormons believe that ancient prophets in other regions of the world received revelations that resulted in additional scriptures that accept been lost and may, one mean solar day, be forthcoming. In Mormonism, revelation is not limited to church members. For instance, Latter Twenty-four hour period Saints believe that the United states of america Constitution is a divinely inspired document.[67]

Mormons are encouraged to develop a personal relationship with the Holy Ghost and receive personal revelation for their own direction and that of their family unit.[66] The Latter Day Saint concept of revelation includes the belief that revelation from God is available to all those who earnestly seek it with the intent of doing good. It likewise teaches that everyone is entitled to personal revelation with respect to his or her stewardship (leadership responsibleness). Thus, parents may receive inspiration from God in raising their families, individuals tin can receive divine inspiration to assistance them run into personal challenges, church officers may receive revelation for those whom they serve.

The important consequence of this is that each person may receive confirmation that particular doctrines taught by a prophet are true, also as gain divine insight in using those truths for their own benefit and eternal progress. In the church building, personal revelation is expected and encouraged, and many converts believe that personal revelation from God was instrumental in their conversion.[68]

Relations to other faiths [edit]

Relation to mainstream Christianity [edit]

Mormons encounter Jesus Christ equally the premier figure of their religion.[69]

Mormonism categorizes itself within Christianity, and nearly all Mormons self-place every bit Christian.[70] [71] [72] For some who ascertain Christianity within the doctrines of Catholicism, Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy, the Churches of the East, and Protestantism, Mormonism'due south differences identify it outside the umbrella of Christianity.[73] [74] [75]

Since its beginnings, the organized religion has proclaimed itself to be Christ's Church restored with its original authority, structure and power; maintaining that existing denominations believed in incorrect doctrines and were not acknowledged by God as his church building and kingdom.[76] Though the religion quickly gained a large following of Christian seekers, in the 1830s, many American Christians came to view the church's early doctrines and practices[77] as politically and culturally subversive, as well as doctrinally heretical, abominable, and condemnable. This discord led to a series of sometimes-deadly conflicts betwixt Mormons and others who saw themselves as orthodox Christians.[78] Although such violence declined during the twentieth century, the religion's unique doctrinal views and practices still generate criticism, sometimes vehemently then. This gives ascension to efforts by Mormons and opposing types of Christians to proselytize each other.

Mormons believe in Jesus Christ as the literal Son of God and Messiah, his crucifixion as a conclusion of a sin offering, and subsequent resurrection.[79] Withal, Latter-twenty-four hour period Saints (LDS) pass up the ecumenical creeds and the definition of the Trinity.[80] [81] (In contrast, the second-largest Latter Day Saint denomination, the Community of Christ, is Trinitarian and monotheistic.) Mormons hold the view that the New Testament prophesied both the betrayment from the teachings of Christ and his apostles as well every bit the restoration of all things prior to the second coming of Christ.[82]

Some notable differences with mainstream Christianity include: A conventionalities that Jesus began his atonement in the garden of Gethsemane and connected information technology to his crucifixion, rather than the orthodox belief that the crucifixion alone was the physical amende;[83] and an afterlife with three degrees of glory, with hell (often called spirit prison) existence a temporary repository for the wicked between decease and the resurrection.[84] Additionally, Mormons do not believe in creation ex nihilo, believing that matter is eternal, and creation involved God organizing existing thing.[85]

Much of the Mormon belief system is geographically oriented around the North and Due south American continents. Mormons believe that the people of the Book of Mormon lived in the western hemisphere, that Christ appeared in the western hemisphere after his death and resurrection, that the truthful faith was restored in Upstate New York by Joseph Smith, that the Garden of Eden was located in North America, and that the New Jerusalem would exist built in Missouri. For this and other reasons, including a belief past many Mormons in American exceptionalism, Molly Worthen speculates that this may exist why Leo Tolstoy described Mormonism as the "quintessential 'American faith'".[86]

Relation to Judaism [edit]

Although Mormons practice non claim to be part of Judaism, Mormon theology claims to situate Mormonism within the context of Judaism to an extent that goes beyond what most other Christian denominations claim. The religion incorporates many Old Testament ideas into its theology, and the behavior of Mormons sometimes parallel those of Judaism and certain elements of Jewish civilisation. In the earliest days of Mormonism, Joseph Smith taught that the Ethnic peoples of the Americas were members of some of the Lost Tribes of State of israel. Later, he taught that Mormons were Israelites, and that they may larn of their tribal affiliation within the twelve Israelite tribes. Members of the LDS Church building receive Patriarchal blessings which declare the recipient'southward lineage inside 1 of the tribes of State of israel. The lineage is either through true blood-line or adoption. The LDS Church teaches that if one is not a straight descendant of one of the twelve tribes, upon baptism he or she is adopted into 1 of the tribes. Patriarchal blessings also include personal information which is revealed through a patriarch by the power of the priesthood.

The Mormon affinity for Judaism is expressed past the many references to Judaism in the Mormon liturgy. For instance, Smith named the largest Mormon settlement he founded Nauvoo, which means "to be beautiful" in Hebrew. Brigham Young named a tributary of the Great Salt Lake the "Jordan River". The LDS Church created a writing scheme called the Deseret Alphabet, which was based, in office, on Hebrew. The LDS Church has a Jerusalem Center in Israel, where students focus their report on Near Eastern history, civilisation, language, and the Bible.[87]

In that location has been some controversy involving Jewish groups who run into the deportment of some elements of Mormonism as offensive. In the 1990s, Jewish groups vocally opposed the LDS practice of baptism for the dead on behalf of Jewish victims of the Holocaust and Jews in general. Co-ordinate to LDS Church general authority Monte J. Brough, "Mormons who baptized 380,000 Holocaust victims posthumously were motivated by dearest and compassion and did not understand their gesture might offend Jews ... they did not realize that what they intended as a 'Christian act of service' was 'misguided and insensitive'".[88] Mormons believe that when the dead are baptized through proxy, they take the selection of accepting or rejecting the ordinance.

Relation to Islam [edit]

Since its origins in the 19th century, Mormonism has been compared to Islam, often by detractors of one religion or the other.[89] For example, Joseph Smith was referred to as "the modern mahomet" [sic] past the New York Herald,[xc] shortly after his murder in June 1844. This epithet repeated a comparison that had been fabricated from Smith'south earliest career,[89] one that was not intended at the fourth dimension to exist costless. Comparison of the Mormon and Muslim prophets still occurs today, sometimes for derogatory or polemical reasons[91] but as well for more scholarly (and neutral) purposes.[89] While Mormonism and Islam accept many similarities, in that location are as well meaning, primal differences between the 2 religions. Mormon–Muslim relations have been historically cordial;[92] recent years have seen increasing dialogue between adherents of the 2 faiths, and cooperation in charitable endeavors, especially in the Middle and Far E.[93]

Islam and Mormonism both originate in the Abrahamic traditions. Each faith sees its founder (Muhammad for Islam, and Joseph Smith for Mormonism) equally existence a true prophet of God, called to re-plant the truths of these aboriginal theological conventionalities systems that have been contradistinct, corrupted, or lost. In addition, both prophets received visits from an angel, leading to additional books of scripture. Both religions share a high emphasis on family life, charitable giving, chastity, avoidance from booze, and a special reverence for, though not worship of, their founding prophet. Before the 1890 Manifesto against plural union, Mormonism and Islam also shared in the belief in and practice of plural marriage, a practice now held in common by Islam and various branches of Mormon fundamentalism.

The religions differ significantly in their views on God. Islam insists upon the complete oneness and uniqueness of God (Allah), while Mormonism asserts that the Godhead is made up of three distinct "personages."[94] Mormonism sees Jesus Christ as the promised Messiah and the literal Son of God, while Islam insists that the title "Messiah" means that Jesus (or "Isa") was a prophet sent to institute the true faith, not that he was the Son of God or a divine existence. Despite opposition from other Christian denominations, Mormonism identifies itself as a Christian religion, the "restoration" of archaic Christianity. Islam does not refer to itself as "Christian", asserting that Jesus and all true followers of Christ's teachings were (and are) Muslims—a term that means submitters to God.[95] Islam proclaims that its prophet Muhammad was the "seal of the prophets",[96] and that no farther prophets would come afterwards him. Mormons, though honoring Joseph Smith as the start prophet in modern times, see him every bit just one in a long line of prophets, with Jesus Christ beingness the premier effigy of the organized religion.[97] For these and many other reasons, group membership is generally mutually exclusive: both religious groups would concur that a person cannot be both Mormon and Muslim.

Theological divisions [edit]

Mormon theology includes three main movements. By far the largest of these is "mainstream Mormonism", divers by the leadership of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The two wide movements outside mainstream Mormonism are Mormon fundamentalism, and liberal reformist Mormonism.

Mainstream Mormon theology [edit]

Mainstream Mormonism is defined by the leadership of the LDS Church which identifies itself as Christian.[71] Members of the LDS Church consider their pinnacle leaders to be prophets and apostles, and are encouraged to accept their positions on matters of theology, while seeking confirmation of them through personal study of the Book of Mormon and the Bible. Personal prayer is encouraged equally well. The LDS Church is past far the largest branch of Mormonism. Information technology has continuously existed since the succession crisis of 1844 that separate the Latter Twenty-four hour period Saint movement after the death of founder Joseph Smith, Jr.

The LDS Church seeks to altitude itself from other branches of Mormonism, especially those that exercise polygamy.[98] The church maintains a caste of orthodoxy by excommunicating or disciplining its members who have positions or engage in practices viewed as apostasy. For example, the LDS Church excommunicates members who practice polygamy or who prefer the beliefs and practices of Mormon fundamentalism.

Mormon fundamentalism [edit]

One way Mormon fundamentalism distinguishes itself from mainstream Mormonism is through the practice of plural marriage. Fundamentalists initially bankrupt from the LDS Church after that doctrine was discontinued effectually the offset of the 20th century. Mormon fundamentalism teaches that plural marriage is a requirement for exaltation (the highest degree of conservancy), which will allow them to live as gods and goddesses in the afterlife. Mainstream Mormons, past contrast, believe that a unmarried Angelic marriage is necessary for exaltation.

In stardom with the LDS Church, Mormon fundamentalists also frequently believe in a number of other doctrines taught and practiced past Brigham Immature in the 19th century, which the LDS Church has either abased, repudiated, or put in abeyance. These include:

  • the police of consecration also known as the United Club (put in cessation by the LDS Church in the 19th century);
  • the Adam–God teachings taught past Brigham Young and other early leaders of the LDS Church (repudiated by the LDS Church in the mid-20th century);
  • the principle of blood atonement (repudiated by the LDS Church building in the mid-19th century); and
  • the exclusion of black men from the priesthood (abandoned by the LDS Church in 1978).

Mormon fundamentalists believe that these principles were wrongly abandoned or changed by the LDS Church, in large role due to the want of its leadership and members to assimilate into mainstream American social club and avoid the persecutions and disharmonize that had characterized the church throughout its early years. Others believe that it was a necessity at some betoken for "a restoration of all things" to be a truly restored Church building.

Liberal reformist theology [edit]

Some LDS Church building members have worked towards a more liberal reform of the church. Others accept left the LDS Church building and still consider themselves to be cultural Mormons. Others have formed new religions (many of them now defunct). For instance the Godbeites broke away from the LDS Church in the late 19th century, on the basis of both political and religious liberalism, and in 1985 the Restoration Church building of Jesus Christ broke abroad from the LDS Church as an LGBT-friendly denomination, which was formally dissolved in 2010.

Criticism [edit]

Equally the largest denomination within Mormonism, the LDS Church has been the subject of criticism since it was founded by Joseph Smith in 1830.

Perhaps the most controversial, and a primal contributing factor for Smith'due south murder, is the claim that plural union (as defenders call information technology) or polygamy (as critics call information technology) is biblically authorized. Under heavy pressure — Utah would not be accepted as a state if polygamy was practiced — the church formally and publicly renounced the practice in 1890. Utah'south statehood shortly followed. Yet, plural marriage remains a controversial and divisive issue, as despite the official renunciation of 1890, information technology still has sympathizers, defenders, and semi-clandestine practitioners within Mormonism, though not inside the LDS Church.

More contempo criticism has focused on questions of historical revisionism, homophobia, racism,[99] sexist policies, inadequate financial disclosure, and the historical authenticity of the Book of Mormon.

Encounter likewise [edit]

  • Anti-Mormonism
  • Black people and early on Mormonism
  • The Joseph Smith Papers
  • List of manufactures nearly Mormonism

References [edit]

Citations

  1. ^ McLoughlin, Williamn 1000.; Ahlstrom, Sydney E. (June 1973). "A Religious History of the American People". The Periodical of American History. 60 (1): 508. doi:ten.2307/2936335. ISSN 0021-8723. JSTOR 2936335.
  2. ^ "Mormonism, An Independent Interpretation - The Encyclopedia of Mormonism". eom.byu.edu . Retrieved January xvi, 2021.
  3. ^ Smith, Joseph Fielding. Doctrines of Salvation Volume one - Joseph Fielding Smith. pp. 1:118.
  4. ^ a b "Introduction". churchofjesuschrist.org . Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  5. ^ "Schisms and Sects". patheos.com . Retrieved January sixteen, 2021.
  6. ^ "LDS splinter groups growing". The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  7. ^ "Basic Beliefs". Community of Christ . Retrieved January xvi, 2021.
  8. ^ "'Cultural Mormons' Adjust The Lifestyle But Keep The Label". NPR.org . Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  9. ^ LDS365 (January thirty, 2019). "States with the Highest Per centum of Church Members | LDS365: Resources from the Church & Latter-solar day Saints worldwide". lds365.com . Retrieved January xvi, 2021.
  10. ^ Bushman (2008, p. 1); Shipps (1985, p. 36); Remini (2002, p. 1).
  11. ^ Bushman (2008, p. xvi)
  12. ^ Smith's 1838 written account of this vision was later canonized in a book called The Pearl of Nifty Price. (See: Joseph Smith–History 1:19)
  13. ^ "The Restoration of the Fulness of the Gospel of Jesus Christ: A Bicentennial Proclamation to the World". ChurchOfJesusChrist.org. April 5, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  14. ^ Bushman (2008, p. 22)
  15. ^ Remini (2002, pp. 63, 79)
  16. ^ Bushman (2008, p. eight)
  17. ^ Bushman (2008, p. x)
  18. ^ Remini (2002, p. 135)
  19. ^ Bushman (2008, p. 11)
  20. ^ Bushman (2008, pp. 12–14)
  21. ^ Bushman (2008, p. xiii)
  22. ^ Groberg, Joseph (Spring 1976). "The Mormon Disfranchisements of 1882 to 1892". Brigham Young University Studies. 16 (iii): 400.
  23. ^ Bushman (2008, p. ii); "Official Declaration 1". churchofjesuschrist.org.
  24. ^ Bushman (2008, p. 14)
  25. ^ "LDS Statistics and Church Facts | Total Church building Membership". mormonnewsroom.org . Retrieved May xiv, 2019.
  26. ^ a b c d Davies, Douglas J. (2003). "Divine–human transformations". An Introduction to Mormonism. Cambridge: Cambridge Academy Press. pp. 65–xc. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511610028.004. ISBN9780511610028. OCLC 438764483. S2CID 146238056.
  27. ^ First Presidency; Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (Apr 2002). "Gospel Classics: The Male parent and the Son". Improvement Era. Intellectual Reserve, Inc. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  28. ^ a b Robinson, Stephen Eastward.; Burgon, Glade Fifty.; Turner, Rodney; Largey, Dennis L. (1992), "God the Father", in Ludlow, Daniel H. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 548–552, ISBN0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140, retrieved May 7, 2021 – via Harold B. Lee Library
  29. ^ Mason, Patrick Q. (September 3, 2015). "Mormonism". Oxford Inquiry Encyclopedia of Religion. Oxford: Oxford Academy Press. doi:ten.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.75. ISBN9780199340378. Archived from the original on Nov 30, 2018. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  30. ^ Dahl, Paul E. (1992), "Godhead", in Ludlow, Daniel H. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 552–553, ISBN0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140, retrieved May 7, 2021 – via Harold B. Lee Library
  31. ^ Carter, Yard. Codell (1992), "Godhood", in Ludlow, Daniel H. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 553–555, ISBN0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140, retrieved May 7, 2021 – via Harold B. Lee Library
  32. ^ "Gospel Principles Chapter 47: Exaltation". ChurchofJesusChrist.org . Retrieved Oct 17, 2017.
  33. ^ Brown, Gayle O. (1992), "Premortal Life", in Ludlow, Daniel H. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 1123–1125, ISBN0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140, retrieved May 7, 2021 – via Harold B. Lee Library
  34. ^ Paulsen, David L. (1992), "Omnipotent God; Omnipresence of God; Omniscience of God", in Ludlow, Daniel H. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, p. 1030, ISBN0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140, retrieved May 7, 2021 – via Harold B. Lee Library
  35. ^ Missionary Department of the LDS Church (2004), Preach My Gospel (PDF), LDS Church, Inc, p. 35, ISBN0402366174, archived from the original (PDF) on June two, 2010 Mormons believe the Great Apostasy had been foretold by Paul, who knew that the Lord would not come up again "except in that location come a falling abroad first" (run across 2 Thessalonians 2:three)
  36. ^ Talmage, James E. (1909), The Great Betrayment, The Deseret News, pp. 64–65, ISBN0875798438
  37. ^ Richards, LeGrand (1976), A Marvelous Work and a Wonder, Deseret Book Visitor, p. 24, ISBN0877471614
  38. ^ Talmage, James E. (1909), The Great Betrayment, The Deseret News, p. 68, ISBN0875798438
  39. ^ Eyring, Henry B. (May 2008), "The True and Living Church", Ensign, LDS Church: 20–24
  40. ^ Smith's restoration differed significantly from other restorationist movements of the era (for instance, that of Alexander Campbell). Instead of using Bible analysis, Smith claimed to write and interpret scripture as the biblical prophets did. Bushman (2008, p. 5)
  41. ^ See JSH 1:69,72 and Doctrine and Covenants 84:19-21
  42. ^ Smith, Joseph Fielding; Galbraith, Richard C., eds. (1993) [1938]. Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith. p. 316. ISBN0-87579-647-viii. ("Have the Presbyterians whatsoever truth? Yes. Accept the Baptists, Methodists, etc., any truth? Aye. They all take a little truth mixed with error. We should gather all the good and true principles in the world and treasure them upward, or we shall non come out true 'Mormons'.")
  43. ^ Palmer; Keller; Choi; Toronto (1997). Religions of the World: A Latter-day Saint View. Brigham Young University. (Mormons accept an inclusivist position that their faith is correct and truthful but that other religions accept genuine value).
  44. ^ Bushman (2008, pp. 64–71)
  45. ^ Mormons differ amidst themselves about the grade of man in the beginning ... but Smith'southward intention was to affirm that some essence of human personality has always existed. Bushman (2008, p. 72)
  46. ^ See Male monarch Follett discourse and Bushman (2008, p. 73)
  47. ^ According to the Book of Moses, Match offered an alternate program that would guarantee the salvation of all spirits, yet, at the cost of their agency, essentially forcing them to be saved. God'southward plan allowed spirits the freedom of option but left room for some to autumn out of his presence into darkness. Bushman (2008, p. 73)
  48. ^ Bushman (2008, p. 77)
  49. ^ Nineteenth century Mormonism defined itself against Calvinistic religions that asserted humans' incapacity and utter dependence on the grace of God. Early on Mormon preachers emphasized good works and moral obligation; withal in the tardily twentieth century, Mormons pulled dorsum from an "entrenched aversion" to the doctrines of grace, and today have an attitude of trusting in the grace of Christ while trying their best to do skilful works. Bushman (2008, p. 76)
  50. ^ a b c Bracht, John (2012) [1990]. "The Americanization of Adam". In Trompf, G. Westward. (ed.). Cargo Cults and Millenarian Movements: Transoceanic Comparisons of New Religious Movements. Faith and Society. Vol. 29. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 97–142. doi:ten.1515/9783110874419.97. ISBN9783110874419.
  51. ^ a b Barlow, Philip L. (June 2012). "Chosen State, Chosen People: Religious and American Exceptionalism Amongst the Mormons". The Review of Faith & International Affairs. 10 (two): 51–58. doi:10.1080/15570274.2012.682511. ISSN 1557-0274. S2CID 145547250.
  52. ^ Yorgason, Ethan (2006). "The Shifting Role of the Latter-day Saints as the Quintessential American Religion". In Lippy, Charles H. (ed.). Religion in America: Changes, Challenges, New Directions. Volume 1: Organized Faith Today. Praeger Perspectives. London, U.M. and Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. pp. 141–163. ISBN978-0-313-04961-iii. LCCN 2006022880.
  53. ^ a b c Givens, Terryl L. (2003) [2002]. ""A Seer Shall the Lord My God Raise Up": The Prophet and the Plates". Past the Hand of Mormon: The American Scripture that Launched a New World Organized religion. New York: Oxford University Printing. pp. 8–42. doi:10.1093/019513818X.003.0002. ISBN9780195138184. OCLC 1028168787. S2CID 159734267.
  54. ^ a b c Stark, Rodney (2005). "The Basis of Mormon Success". In Neilson, Reid Fifty. (ed.). The Rise of Mormonism. New York: Columbia University Printing. pp. 114–116. doi:10.7312/star13634-006. ISBN9780231136341. LCCN 2005045464. OCLC 800910267. S2CID 99224315.
  55. ^ Edwards, Jason A.; Weiss, David (January 10, 2014). The Rhetoric of American Exceptionalism: Critical Essays. McFarland. p. 107. ISBN9780786486816 . Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  56. ^ Quammen, Betsy Gaines (May 10, 2020). "COVID-19 and the White Equus caballus Prophecy: The Theology of Ammon Bundy". History News Network. Columbian College of Arts and Sciences: The George Washington University. Retrieved Jan 4, 2021.
  57. ^ Duncan, Charles (February 6, 2020). "Did Mitt Romney fulfill a Mormon prophecy with vote to convict Trump?". Miami Herald . Retrieved January 4, 2021.
  58. ^ An ordinance is more often than not a physical human activity signifying a spiritual commitment or a covenant. Failure to honor that commitment results in the ordinance having no effect. However, sincere repentance can restore the blessings associated with the ordinance.
  59. ^ ""Ordinances," Truthful to the Religion, (LDS Church building, 2004) p. 109.
  60. ^ Bushman (2008, pp. lx–61)
  61. ^ Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Macmillan 1992, pp. 106-107
  62. ^ Matthews, Robert J., A Bible! A Bible, Bookcraft, 1990, p. 13
  63. ^ Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, Deseret Volume, 1976 [1938], pp. 9–10, 327
  64. ^ Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Macmillan 1992, pp. 111
  65. ^ Smith, Joseph (August 27, 1842). "History, 1838–1856, volume D-1 [1 August 1842–one July 1843] [addenda], p.3 [addenda]". The Joseph Smith Papers. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-twenty-four hour period Saints. Retrieved September x, 2021.
  66. ^ a b Bushman (2008, p. 26) Encounter as well: Doctrine and Covenants 68:4
  67. ^ Oaks, Dallin H. (February 1992), "The Divinely Inspired Constitution", Ensign ; cf. The Doctrine and Covenants Section 101:76–fourscore
  68. ^ "Continuing Revelation". Mormon.org . Retrieved August 5, 2005.
  69. ^ Bushman (2008, p. 8) ("As the name of the church ... suggests, Jesus Christ is the premier figure. Smith does not fifty-fifty play the role of the final and culminating prophet, equally Muhammad does in Islam"); "What Mormons Believe About Jesus Christ". LDS Newsroom. Retrieved Nov eleven, 2011. ; In a 2011 Pew Survey a thou Mormons were asked to volunteer the one word that best describes Mormons. The near common response from those surveyed was "Christian" or "Christ-centered".
  70. ^ "Mormonism in America". Pew Research Center. January 2012. Mormons are near unanimous in describing Mormonism equally a Christian religion, with 97% expressing this point of view.
  71. ^ a b Robinson, Stephanie (May 1998), "Are Mormons Christians?", New Era, LDS Church
  72. ^ According to Bruce R. McConkie, a general authorisation of the LDS Church building, "Mormonism is indistinguishable from Christianity." Bruce R. McConkie, Mormon Doctrine, p. 513
  73. ^ For case, a 2007 poll conducted by the Pew Enquiry Center found that one in three Americans surveyed practice non consider Mormons to exist Christian. See for example ReligionNewsblog.com
  74. ^ "Information technology is sometimes said that Mormonism is to Christianity as Christianity is to Judaism. Both Mormonism and Christianity established themselves by reinterpreting a preceding faith. Christianity built on Judaism but emphasized the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ; Mormonism began with Christianity merely accepted new revelation through a modern prophet." Bushman (2008, p. 62)
  75. ^ Examples of organizations that do not recognize Mormonism equally Christian include:
    • Luther Seminary (Granquist, Marker A. (March 7, 2011), "The New (and Old) Religions Around United states of america" (PDF), Luther Seminary, archived from the original (PDF) on January 3, 2014 );
    • Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary ("Is Mormonism Christian?", Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Oct 20, 2011, archived from the original on August 29, 2013, retrieved May 11, 2013 );
    • Southern Baptist Theological Seminary (Mohler, Albert (n.d.), "Is Mormonism Christian?", christianity.com, Salem Web Network .
    See also: Christian countercult movement
  76. ^ Pedagogy that existing denominations "were assertive in incorrect doctrines, and that none of them was best-selling by God as his church and kingdom" Smith 1842a, p. 707 and "all their creeds were an abomination in his sight." Smith 1842c, p. 748
  77. ^ , the about publicized of which included abolitionism, plural wedlock and the church's theocratic aspirations (both now discontinued past the mainstream faith),
  78. ^ For more information on historical conflicts, see History of the Latter 24-hour interval Saint movement.
  79. ^ "What Mormons Believe Virtually Jesus Christ—LDS Newsroom". Newsroom.lds.org. Retrieved Nov 27, 2013.
  80. ^ "Joseph Smith History 1:18-xix". Scriptures.lds.org. Retrieved Nov 27, 2013.
  81. ^ Smith, Joseph Fielding, ed. (1976) [1938], Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, Salt Lake City: Deseret Volume, p. 370
  82. ^ See, for instance, Thessalonians 2:ii-3 and Acts three:19-21
  83. ^ McConkie, Bruce R. (May 1985), "The Purifying Power of Gethsemane", Ensign: 9
  84. ^ Mormon scriptures speak of hell in 2 means. The beginning is some other name for spirit prison, a identify for the spirits of people who have "died in their sins." The second is a more permanent place called Outer Darkness, reserved for the Devil, his angels, and those who have committed the unpardonable sin. True to the Organized religion: A Gospel Reference, 2004, LDS Church. "Hell Archived 2010-06-16 at the Wayback Auto," p. 81; Meet as well: Christian views on Hell (Latter-solar day Saints)
  85. ^ Bushman (2008, p. 71)
  86. ^ Worthen, Molly, "The Missionary Position", Strange Policy, June 13, 2011.
  87. ^ "BYU Jerusalem Center for Near Eastern Studies". Ce.byu.edu. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  88. ^ Pyle, Richard. "Mormons, Jews sign agreement on baptizing Holocaust victims". Retrieved January 4, 2007. AP Newswire, May 5, 1995.
  89. ^ a b c Thomas Marsh and Orson Hyde Affidavit, for instance; run into besides PBS'southward American Prophet: Prologue and Todd J. Harris, A Comparison of Muhammad and Joseph Smith in the Prophetic Pattern, a thesis submitted for a Master of Arts degree at Brigham Young University in 2007, footnotes on pages 1 and 2.
  90. ^ PBS's American Prophet: Prologue.
  91. ^ See, for example:Joseph Smith and Muhammad: The Similarities, and Eric Johnson,Joseph Smith and Muhammad, a book published by the "Mormonism Research Ministry" and offered for sale by the anti-Mormon "Utah Lighthouse Ministries".
  92. ^ "U.South. Muslims and Mormons share deepening ties". Articles.latimes.com. April 2, 2008. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  93. ^ Earth Muslim Congress: Mormons and Muslims; Mormon-Muslim Interfaith Ramadan Dinner.
  94. ^ Encyclopedia of Mormonism Archived November 13, 2017, at the Wayback Auto, entry: "Godhead".
  95. ^ Jesus Was Muslim Archived August xviii, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, from the Islam-Voice website.
  96. ^ Holy Qur'an, Surah 33, verse 40.
  97. ^ Bushman (2008, p. 8) ("In the Mormon view, many prophets preceded Smith and many will follow.") In that sense, a provision for continuing revelation, Mormonism is more like to Shia Islam.
  98. ^ The LDS Church encourages journalists not to use the word Mormon in reference to organizations or people that practice polygamy "Fashion Guide—LDS Newsroom". Apr ix, 2010. Retrieved November eleven, 2011. ; The church repudiates polygamist groups and excommunicates their members if discovered Bushman (2008, p. 91); "Mormons seek distance from polygamous sects". NBC News. 2008.
  99. ^ "Skin Color in Mormon Scripture and Theology" "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 22, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2009. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as championship (link)

Sources

  • Flower, Harold (1992), The American Religion: The Emergence of the Post-Christian Nation (1st ed.), New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN9780671679972 .
  • Brooke, John L. (1994), The Refiner's Burn: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644–1844, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
  • Bushman, Richard Lyman (2008), Mormonism: A Very Short Introduction, New York: Oxford University Printing, ISBN978-0-xix-531030-half-dozen .
  • Mauss, Armand (1994), The Angel and the Beehive: The Mormon Struggle with Absorption, Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press, ISBN0-252-02071-five .
  • Eliason, Eric Alden (2001), Mormons and Mormonism: an introduction to an American world organized religion, University of Illinois Press .
  • McMurrin, Sterling G. (1965), The Theological Foundations of the Mormon Organized religion, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, ISBN156085135X .
  • Ostling, Richard; Ostling, Joan Thou. (2007), Mormon America: The Power and the Hope, New York: HarperOne, ISBN978-0-06-143295-eight .
  • Shipps, January (1985), Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, ISBN0-252-01417-0 .
  • Smith, Joseph, Jr. (March 1, 1842a), "Church History [Wentworth Letter]", Times and Seasons, 3 (ix): 706–10 [707] .
  • Smith, Joseph (April i, 1842c), "History of Joseph Smith", Times and Seasons, 3 (xi): 748–49 .
  • Remini, Robert V. (2002), Joseph Smith: A Penguin Life, New York: Penguin Group, ISBN0-670-03083-X .
  • Stark, Rodney; Neilson, Reid Larkin (2005), The rise of Mormonism, Columbia Academy Press, ISBN9780231136341 .
  • Toscano, Margaret; Toscano, Paul (1990), Strangers in Paradox: Explorations in Mormon Theology, Salt Lake City: Signature Books .
  • White, O. Kendall, Jr. (1970), "The Transformation of Mormon Theology" (PDF), Dialogue: A Periodical of Mormon Idea, 5 (two): 9–24 .
  • White, O. Kendall, Jr. (1987), Mormon Neo-Orthodoxy: A Crisis Theology, Table salt Lake Urban center: Signature Books, ISBN0941214-524, archived from the original on July seven, 2010, retrieved December 28, 2010 .
  • Widmer, Kurt (2000), Mormonism and the Nature of God: A Theological Development, 1830–1915, Jefferson, Northward.C.: McFarland .

Further reading [edit]

  • Beckwith, Francis J., Carl Mosser, and Paul Owen, jt. eds. (2002). The New Mormon Challenge: Responding to the Latest Defenses of a Fast-Growing Movement. M Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. 535 p. ISBN 0-310-23194-nine
  • Brooks, Melvin R. (1960). L.D.S. Reference Encyclopedia. Table salt Lake Urban center, Utah: Bookcraft.
  • McConkie, Bruce R. (1979). Mormon Doctrine. 2d ed. Common salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft. 856 p. N.B.: The contents are brief articles bundled alphabetically in the grade of a topical dictionary. ISBN 0-88494-446-8
  • Nelson, Nels L. (1904). Scientific Aspects of Mormonism: or, Religion in Terms of Life. Chicago, Ill.: Press of Hillison & Etten Co., 1904, t.p. 1918. eleven, 347 p.
  • Shields, Steven 50. (1990). Divergent Paths of the Restoration: a History of the Latter Day Saint Movement. Fourth ed., rev. and enl. Los Angeles: Restoration Research. 336 p., ill. with b&w photos. ISBN 0-942284-00-3
  • Cornwall, Marie; Heaton, Tim B.; Young, Lawrence A., eds. (2001). Contemporary Mormonism: Social Science Perspectives. Urbana: Academy of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-06959-5. OCLC 28721262.

External links [edit]

  • PBS: Frontline + American Experience: Mormons—PBS special on Mormon belief
  • Patheos + Mormonism—Patheos.com. Mormonism Origins, Mormonism History, Mormonism Behavior
  • "Religions: Mormonism"—BBC Religion

Links to official websites of specific Mormon denominations [edit]

  • The Church building of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
  • Community of Christ (Formerly the RLDS church)
  • The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)
  • Church building of Christ With the Elijah Message

giffordfrorcut.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonism

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